We explained the difference between the Jannat and samawat. Most likely, the Jannat occupy the 7th heaven (sama).
Al-Mi'raj: Conversing With the Prophets
As we said, one of the biggest problems of al-Isra wal-Mi'raj is to piece together the chronological narrative of the story. We have narrations that the Prophet PBUH very clearly spoke to the other prophets — but where did this happen? It could be in the heavens or in Bayt al-Maqdis.
Abdullah ibn Mas'ud reports, "The Prophet PBUH said, on the night he went to al-Isra wal-Mi'raj, he met Ibrahim, Musa, and Isa, and they began talking about the Day of Judgment. And Ibrahim was the first to be asked, 'Tell us about the Day of Judgment,' but he said, 'I have no knowledge of the Day.'" Then they asked Musa and same response. Then they asked Isa. He said, "I am informed that one of the signs of it is that I will be coming back (to earth) —and Allah AWJ knows when that is— and Dajjal will come, and I will kill him. And the people will then go to their various lands, and Ya'juj and Ma'juj (يأجوج ومأجوج - Gog and Magog) will come forth 'from every single valley/area' [as per Quran, 21:96], and every water they pass by will be drunk/finished, until I will make du'a to Allah that they be killed, so Allah AWJ will kill them, and the entire world will be stenched with their decomposed bodies, and I will then make another du'a to Allah to get rid of these bodies, so Allah will send rain from the sky and they will be washed away. And I have been told that when this happens, the Day of Judgment will be like a pregnant woman who is just about to give birth (meaning it is imminent and can happen at any minute)."
And the Prophet PBUH said that what Isa AS said is found in the Quran, "Until when [the dam of] Gog and Magog has been opened and they, from every elevation, descend" [21:96].
So this conversation has been preserved — but anything else they talked about, Allahu a'lam.
Note also, this incident shows that one of the sources of the ahadith narrated by the Prophet PBUH regarding Ya'juj and Ma'juj, Isa's descent, the Day of Judgment, etc., comes directly from Isa AS himself.
There is another conversation that is recorded: The Prophet PBUH said, "I met Ibrahim AS on the night I went to al-Isra wal-Mi'raj, and he told me, 'Ya Muhammad, give my salam to your ummah...'"—Ibrahim AS is telling his salam to us through his own son, the Prophet PBUH—"'...and inform them that Jannah, its soil is beautiful and luscious, but it is barren (flat without any trees), and the seedlings we put into the soil will come from saying 'subhan'Allah,' 'alhamduliLlah,' 'la ilaha illaLlah,' 'Allahu akbar.''"
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Al-Mi'raj: Malik the Gatekeeper of Jahannam
This could have happened in Bayt al-Maqdis or in the heavens (we don't know for sure): It's narrated that the Prophet PBUH met Malik (مالك) the gatekeeper of Jahannam. His name is mentioned in the Quran: "And they [the people of Jahannam] will call, 'O Malik, let your Lord put an end to us!' He will say, 'Indeed, you will remain'" [43:77].
Jibril AS told the Prophet PBUH, "O Muhammad, this is Malik the gatekeeper of Jahannam. Give him salam." So —the Prophet PBUH said— he turned around to greet him; but before he could say anything, Malik said salam first. And the Prophet PBUH replied with salam as well. The Prophet PBUH further narrates that Malik seemed very sad and never smiled — so the Prophet PBUH asked Jibril AS why this was. (Note: The fact that the Prophet PBUH asked this question shows that the other angels clearly had a very positive/joyful/happy vibe coming from them — and this shows us angels were happy when they saw the Prophet PBUH come.) Jibril AS responded, "He has never smiled or laughed since he has been created. Were he to have smiled for anybody, it would have been you"—his association of guarding Jahannam has made him so somber that he has never smiled or laughed since he has been created.
Note even though the Prophet PBUH is going to see Jannah and Jahannam, he didn't visit Malik while he was 'on duty' at the gate of Hellfire. Rather, Malik was brought up to say salam to him. Why? One of the wisdoms we derive is: To emphasize that the Prophet PBUH is as far away from the Fire of Hell as the 7th heaven is from the lowest of the creation. (Malik himself is a noble angel, but the thing he is associated with is Jahannam.) And that's also why Malik was the one who said salam first — to show there is no relationship at all between the Prophet PBUH and the Hellfire; to clearly show the distance and superiority of the Prophet PBUH from ever coming close to anything to do with Jahannam.
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Al-Mi'raj: Sidrat al-Muntaha
The Prophet PBUH then proceeded onward above the 7th heaven after seeing the prophets. He PBUH said, "And then I saw in front of me the Sidrat al-Muntaha (سدرة المنتهى)."
What is the Sidrat al-Muntaha?
For the Arabs, what comes to mind when the word sidrah is mentioned is a type of wide tree that grows in the desert known for its large branches that cover a very wide and vast area, and it's known for its delicious fruit and sweet scent.
And muntaha means "the very end."
So Sidrat al-Muntaha means "the Lote Tree at the Very End." And the Prophet PBUH said, "Its fruits were as large as the water jars of [the people of] Hajar (هجر), and its leaves are like the ears of the elephants"—this is what you call eloquence; the Prophet PBUH explains something using metaphors that the people in his time can understand.
After viewing it, Jibril AS told the Prophet PBUH, "This is Sidrat al-Muntaha."
In a hadith in Bukhari, the Prophet PBUH said, "Then Jibril AS continued going up with me, until we got to the Sidrat al-Muntaha. And it was enveloped with colors that I don't know." Allah SWT Himself said in the Quran, "When the Tree was covered up by what it was covered up with" [53:16]—i.e., Allah SWT left the specifics of the covering unspecified. (And it is interesting to note that there are colors beyond the spectrum that we know of. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet — this is a very small spectrum. Beyond this is of course many other types of energy and light. And the Prophet PBUH is seeing something that in this world cannot be seen. So he is definitely in another zone/dimension. He is witnessing colors coming from this Tree which he said, "I don't know how to explain these colors to you"—and we find this phrase very fascinating because it fits in very well with whatever we know of science. He is saying something so simple for the casual observer, but there is a profound truth to it.)
According to Bukhari, Sidrat al-Muntaha was the last thing the Prophet PBUH saw before he went above to meet Allah SWT.
But in Sahih Muslim, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud said the Prophet PBUH said, "I stopped at the Sidrat al-Muntaha — it is in the 6th heaven. Everything that is raised up from the earth (e.g., du'a, prayer, good deeds, good words) stops at Sidrat al-Muntaha, and it absorbs them. And from it originates and descends down everything that is coming to this earth (e.g., Allah's rahma, rain). When the Tree was enveloped by what it was enveloped by, there were butterflies made out of gold." Allah SWT says in Surah al-Najm, "When there covered the Sidrat al-Muntaha that which covered [it], the sight [of the Prophet] did not swerve, nor did it transgress [its limit]. He certainly saw of the Greatest Signs of his Lord" [53:16-18]. So by viewing the Sidrat al-Muntaha, Allah is saying, the Prophet PBUH has seen of His most magnificent creations. In one version of al-Tabari, the Prophet PBUH said, "When it was enveloped by what it was enveloped by, it kept on changing until nobody can describe it for you"—so the Tree is not a static tree. It is a dynamic, majestic, other-worldly tree with constantly changing colors, massive leaves, etc., described as "Ayat al-Kubra (آيات الكبرى - Greatest Signs)" [53:18] in the Quran.
Note in one hadith in Bukhari, the Prophet PBUH is recorded to have said he passed Ibrahim AS in the 7th heaven and then saw the Sidrat al-Muntaha; but in Muslim, it's reported that he PBUH said he saw the Sidrat al-Muntaha in the 6th heaven — so there is a clear contradiction. Imam al-Nawawi tries to explain this and it seems like a good explanation: he says the trunk of the Tree begins in the 6th heaven, but its branches finish at the end of the 7th heaven — because the Sidrat al-Muntaha is the end of the creation as we know it; nothing is beyond it except the Throne and the One who is above the Throne.
In fact, later scholars have found that one of the tabi'un, Qatada (قتادة) the Student of Ibn Abbas, also says this, that, "The Sidrah *finishes* in the 7th heaven"—which means it begins somewhere else.
Thus from these, we derive that the Sidrah is a massive tree.
And note the motif/concept of a tree is very common throughout the Quran. It is the symbol of Iman and life. It is in the fitrah of the children of Adam that when we see a tree, we are optimistic. To this day, many NGOs use the symbol of a leaf/twig. Allah ingrained in our fitrah that it is a symbol of optimism, peace, and life.
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Al-Mi'raj: The Four Rivers
Then the Prophet PBUH said, "At the base of the Sidrat al-Muntaha, there are four rivers coming down. 2 of these are hidden, and 2 are open. So I said to Jibril what are these rivers? Jibril AS said, 'As for the hidden ones, they are ones in Jannah (i.e., you are not going to see them in the dunya). As for the ones that everybody can see, they are the Nile River and the Euphrates River.'" From this, we learn that the Nile and the Euphrates are blessed rivers. And subhan'Allah, the Prophet PBUH again just makes a passing statement that has a profound truth: Now we know that the cradle of civilization has always been associated with these two rivers. The earliest civilization on earth was basically Mesopotamia (Ur, Babylon, etc.), which is associated with the Euphrates; and the second was on the Nile. From the beginning of time, these two rivers have always been rivers of life and civilization. And Jibril AS said both rivers are from the blessings of Allah that everybody can see; they emanate from Up There (Allah knows how), but are apparent for everybody [in this dunya] to see. As for the two rivers of Jannah [that are hidden], they are al-Kawthar [108:1] and Salsabil [76:18].
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Al-Mi'raj: Al-Bayt al-Ma'mur
In one version of the narration, the Prophet PBUH said, "THEN I saw al-Bayt al-Ma'mur." In another version, "I saw Ibrahim AS in the 7th heaven, sitting with his back on Bayt al-Ma'mur."
Now was this one incident and somehow it got into these two narrations, or was it two separate times that the Prophet PBUH saw Bayt al-Ma'mur? Allahu a'lam. We don't know exactly. This often happens in the narrations of al-Isra wal-Mi'raj (and seerah in general) as it's the sahaba narrating and there is a human element of documenting the ahadith that we need to be aware of — it's impossible to reconstruct A-Z. So we are not sure exactly what happened when.
As we mentioned before, the Prophet PBUH said, "The Bayt al-Ma'mur is a House similar to the Ka'bah [on earth]... (or in another hadith, "It is above the Ka'bah on this earth...") ...such that if it were to fall down, it would land on the Ka'bah on the earth." And this is when he said, every day, 70,000 angels enter it never to return; and this has been happening since Allah created it until Allah knows when. And of course, if you do the math, after a while, your mind starts boggling away. How many angels are there? Allah says in the Quran only He knows how many soldiers (angels) there are [74:31].
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Al-Mi'raj: Jibril AS in His Original Form
After this, the Prophet PBUH said he saw Jibril AS in his original form. And he PBUH described him in many ahadith. One of them, in Sahih Bukhari: "Jibril AS had 600 wings. He blocked the entire horizons." In a hadith in al-Tabari: "From the feathers of Jibril's wings, pearls and corals were dripping." So just like Sidrat al-Muntaha, Jibril AS is not a static creature. Note 600 is the maximum number of wings any angel has, as Allah says in the Quran, most of the angels have "2, 3, or 4 wings" [35:1]. But Jibril AS has 600 wings because he is the best of the angels.
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Al-Mi'raj: The Major Signs of Allah
Ibn Mas'ud said when the Prophet PBUH saw Jibril, this is the reference in the Quran:
لَقَدْ رَأَىٰ مِنْ آيَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَىٰ
"He saw of the Major/Greatest Signs of his Lord" [53:18].
What does it mean the Prophet PBUH saw the Major Sings? 3 things:
1. Sidrat al-Muntaha
2. Bayt al-Ma'mur
3. Jibril's original form
Every one of them is of Allah's Major Signs. The Sidrat al-Muntaha represents the highest portion of this universe, the Bayt al-Ma'mur represents the spiritual Ka'bah of the heavens and the worship of Allah by the angels, and Jibril represents the most chosen of Allah's servants amongst the angels. (So the most chosen amongst the children of Adam is seeing the most chosen amongst the angels in his original form. And it's said the Prophet PBUH only saw Jibril AS in his original form twice — this is one of those two occasions.)
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Al-Mi'raj: 3 Things That Were Given During al-Mi'raj
Somewhere in this period, the Prophet PBUH was given the last verses of Surat al-Baqarah. Narrated in Sahih Muslim, Ibn Mas'ud said the Prophet PBUH stopped at the Sidrat al-Muntaha in the 6th heaven [...] then he was given three things:
1. The five salah (will be discussed shortly)
2. The ending of Surat al-Baqarah
3. Promise from Allah (gift from Allah) that whoever worships Allah from his ummah without doing shirk will be forgiven and caused to enter Jannah
In regards to Baqarah, scholars say (opinion) that the last two verses of Surat al-Baqarah occupy a special status in the Quran. As for the rest of the Quran, Jibril came down with it and recited it to the Prophet PBUH. And there is only one passage in which Allah directly recited it to the Prophet PBUH in His presence, and that is the last two verses of Surat al-Baqarah. The Messenger was brought up to receive the revelation rather than the revelation being sent down. Again, this is just an opinion — not something we can say for sure.
In a hadith, the Prophet PBUH said, "I have been given these two verses from underneath the treasures of the Throne of Allah"—so this adds to what Ibn Mas'ud said.
We know the virtues of these verses: (1) The Prophet PBUH said whoever recites these two verses, Allah will protect him. (2) And in another hadith, the Prophet PBUH said whoever recites these verses on a nightly basis, that will be enough for him. And there are various interpretations as to what "enough" here means: (i) One scholar says it will protect you from shaytan; (ii) others say even if you don't pray tahajjud, Allah will write you amongst those who are not ghafil (غافل - heedless); etc. Various interpretations.
So we should now memorize it and make it a habit to recite it every night.
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Al-Mi'raj: The Divine Appointment: Private Audience With Allah SWT
It was then that the Prophet PBUH went to the gist of al-Isra wal-Mi'raj, and that is the Divine Appointment with Allah SWT Himself.
But going through the classical books, narrations, and dissertations, sadly, we cannot find anything authentic about the *details* of the meeting. There are many legends and fabrications that are not true; of them is that the tashahhud (تشهد) is a summary of this conversation — but this is fabricated.
Did the Prophet PBUH go beyond the Sidrat al-Muntaha alone or with Jibril AS? There is nothing except an indirect reference in Sahih Bukhari: The Prophet PBUH said, "Then I was caused to ascend forth"—so 'I' is used in the singular, no mention of Jibril, whereas before this, it was always "Jibril continued going up with me." Allah knows best but we can assume from this that the Prophet PBUH rose beyond the Sidrat al-Muntaha alone.
Then he said, "I rose to a level where I could hear the Pen writing." Now what is the Pen? And who is the writer? Well, we know —as the Prophet PBUH said— the first thing Allah created was the Pen, and then He told the Pen, "Write." The Pen asked, "What shall I write?" He said, "Write everything that will happen until the Day of Judgment." So the Pen is a creation of Allah that is writing alone; there is no scribe doing the writing.
This was an elite audience the likes of which never occurred. But we don't have any details about what was said except for the 50 salawat (see next subsection). Even though we can assume other things were also said, the only thing that has been reported to us is that of 50 salawat. And in this, perhaps there is a wisdom, that what happened is something private — Allah gifted the Prophet PBUH with something so precious, noble, and blessed that he doesn't need/want to tell us. Only Allah and the Prophet PBUH know the full conversation.
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Al-Mi'raj: The Divine Appointment: The Farida of 5 Salawat
The only thing we know is Allah told the Prophet PBUH to pray 50 salah (plural: salawat [صلوات]) every day.
And the Prophet PBUH goes back down through the heavens and meets Musa AS who tells him to go back up to ask for less.
Now before we get to that — the Prophet PBUH must have passed by Ibrahim AS on the 7th heaven — but Ibrahim AS didn't say anything [unlike Musa AS]. Why? Three reasons:
1. Ibrahim AS is at a higher level and it's not in his nature to try to second-guess or question the commandment of Allah. Whereas Musa AS is not at that level — he wants to try to negotiate.
2. Ibrahim AS has no experience with large ummahs — whereas Musa AS is the most experienced up until this time [surpassing even our Prophet PBUH]. We are still in the Makkan phase, so at this point, the Prophet PBUH has only been active for 11 or 12 years, whereas Musa has had at least 80-90 years of experience with the Bani Israel.
3. Musa knew something was going to happen in this meeting. How does he know? He has been there done that at a smaller scale — as of course, Musa AS is the only prophet whom Allah AWJ spoke to directly (on earth). (And our Prophet PBUH was granted a divine audience in the presence of the King of kings.) So just as Musa was given the Ten Commandments, he knew the Prophet PBUH would be given something.
So Musa asked the Prophet PBUH, "What did your Lord tell you for your ummah?" The Prophet PBUH said, "My Lord told me that I should tell my ummah to pray 50 times a day." Here Musa says, "Go back to your Lord and tell Him to lower this, because I have experience with the Bani Israel, and your ummah will not be able to do this." [The following is a detail that many people don't know, but it's in Musnad Imam Ahmad] The Prophet PBUH then looked at Jibril AS wanting to get his opinion. And Jibril nodded to him. This shows us despite Musa being who he is, the Prophet PBUH was not content until he got a second opinion. So backed with the opinion of the best angel and a noble prophet, the Prophet PBUH goes back up.
Here is where the narrations differ. Some say from 50, the number went down by 5, and some say by 10 (both authentic, there is no way to resolve) — but the point is the Prophet PBUH went back and forth, up and down, at least five times, and every time, Musa AS is telling him the same thing, "Go back to your Lord and ask Him to lower it, because I have tested the Bani Israel, and they were not able to do this. Your ummah will not be able to do this." Until finally, when the Prophet PBUH came back down with only 5 salawat and Musa AS told him to go back one more time, the Prophet PBUH said, "I have gone back and forth until I am embarrassed now. But I am content and happy." And when he said this, a Voice called out (of Allah): "My farida (فريضة - commandment) has been established, and I have made things easy for My servants. It is 5, but it shall be rewarded with 50."
What this means is Allah SWT had already decreed that it would be 5 — Allah SWT already knew that the Prophet PBUH would come back to Him, so the Prophet PBUH was given the ilham to know when to stop. And this is why when it was reduced to 5, the Prophet PBUH said what he said. And then the Voice came out, and the two people hearing it were those who already had an audience with Allah — Musa AS and the Prophet PBUH.
From this incident, so much can be derived:
1. First and foremost, the status of the salah. Indeed, the purpose of the divine audience was to establish the salah. Every other commandment, Allah sent down through Jibril AS; but this one commandment was so important that the Messenger was called up to Allah to receive the message directly from the Divine. And if this was the only blessing we have of salah, it is enough of a blessing; but added to this, so many verses of the Quran ([2:3], [20:14], [11:114], [19:31], etc.) and so many ahadith talk about its blessings. Salah is a standard among every single prophet. All of these show the importance of salah.
2. Another [tangential] benefit that we gain from this is that when the Prophet PBUH was told that he needed to pray 50 times a day —even though it was lowered to 5— he made it compulsory upon himself to pray 50 rak'at a day. We see how:
17 fard rak'at
12 rak'at for sunan al-ratibah (سنن الراتبة)
2 rak'at before tahajjud
8 rak'at for tahajjud
3 rak'at for witr (وتر)
+ 8 rak'at for salat al-duha (صلاة الضحى)
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50 rak'at on the dot
This was the regular routine of the Prophet PBUH, even though this is not wajib (واجب - binding/obligatory) for the ummah.
And this is just the regular — not including tahiyyat al-masjid, istikharah (استخارة), etc.
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Al-Mi'raj: The Wisdoms of Bringing Down the Number Gradually From 50 to 5
What is the wisdom of bringing down a number when Allah knows it will be brought down? Why go through this whole routine from 50 to 45 to 40 to 35...to 15 to 10 to 5? Many reasons:
1. To show the mercy and majesty of Allah SWT. He doesn't want to make life difficult for us. He wants to make things easy for us — as mentioned so many times in the Quran (e.g., [4:28], [2:185], [22:78]). There is a wisdom here — to *demonstrate* that when the Prophet PBUH asks Allah to reduce, He listens.
2. Another wisdom is that there is a clear indication given that: O son of Adam, you were only created for the worship of Allah. That is, if it was 50 times a day, we would literally be praying all day non-stop. So there is a clear indication that we have only been created for the worship of Allah. The asl (أصل - basic ruling) is that we should be praying to Allah like the angels pray. So Allah is indicating: Had I told you to pray 50 times a day, this is what you should be doing — but I know you cannot do it; so do as you please, but pray this 5 salawat. (And subhan'Allah, isn't it so sad then that after all of this, some of us still cannot even spend ~20 minutes a day for salah?)
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After the Meeting With Allah SWT
So the meeting with Allah SWT is the main incident, but it is not the grand finale — there is more to follow.
After this, the Prophet PBUH described many other things that he saw on the way down, including Jannah and Jahannam (will be discussed in the next episode).
Question: Why does he see all these things *after* the meeting with Allah SWT? Why not before? The wisdom here is obvious. That is, it's not befitting that the meeting with the King of kings be delayed. So he is going straight up, and once he meets and speaks with Allah SWT, then he may go and do other things.
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Al-Mi'raj: Did the Prophet PBUH See Allah SWT?
We used the word "meeting" Allah SWT and that is an appropriate word — however, scholars differ as to whether the Prophet PBUH literally saw Allah SWT. The majority and correct view is that he didn't. He only saw the Veil of Allah SWT (will be discussed in the next episode).
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Understanding Surat al-Najm in Light of al-Mi'raj
The beginning portions of Surat al-Najm describe certain of these incidents in indirect language:
"By the star when it descends! Your companion [Muhammad PBUH] has not strayed, nor has he erred, nor does he speak from [his own] inclination/imagination [i.e., what the Prophet PBUH saw is not just a dream]. It is not but a revelation revealed [from Allah], taught to him by one intense in strength [Jibril AS] — one of soundness [perfect, free of any defect]. And he rose to [his] true form while he was in the higher [part of the] horizon [i.e., the Sidrat al-Muntaha]. Then he [Jibril] approached [Prophet Muhammad PBUH] and descended, and was at a distance of two bow lengths or nearer. And He [Allah] revealed to His Servant what He revealed [i.e., there is secrecy here that we don't need to know — all we need to know is the 5 salawat.]. The heart did not lie [about] what it saw. [Note Allah SWT ascribed the vision of the Prophet PBUH to his chest because the Prophet's PBUH eyesight absorbed it in, and when he is speaking, he is speaking the truth.] So will you [O pagans] dispute with him over what he saw? And he certainly saw him in another descent at the Sidrat al-Muntaha —near it is the Garden of Refuge— when there covered the Sidrah that which covered [it]. The sight [of the Prophet PBUH] did not swerve, nor did it transgress [its limit]. He certainly saw of the Greatest Signs of his Lord" [Quran, 53:1-18].
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Q&A: The 5 Levels of Qadr
Q: If the Pen is still writing, is qadr still being written as we speak? Can it be changed?
A: There are 5 levels/types of qadr:
- Al-Qadr al-Azali (القدر الأزلي) — What Allah wrote before He created the heavens and earth by 50,000 years. (This never changes)
- Allah made a divine decree after the creation of Adam AS. He took out all of the progeny of Adam (i.e., all of the humans from the Beginning of Time until the End of Time), and asked them, "Am I not your Lord?" and all of the humans responded, "We testify that You are our Lord!" Then Allah decreed to them who shall go to Jannah and who shall go to Jahannam.
- Lifetime qadr — When the child is in the womb of the mother, Allah SWT orders an angel to write down his deeds, his livelihood, his (time of) death, and whether he will be blessed or wretched (in religion) [Sahih Bukhari].
- Yearly qadr — Laylat al-Qadr (can change — Allah has already decreed in al-Qadr al-Azali that they are going to change; but nobody, not even the angels, knows this except Allah).
- Daily qadr — [Quran, 55:29]. (can change — same as above, but happens on a daily basis).
Side note: Angel of Death — Every one of us has a Malak al-Mawt (ملك الموت), an angel whose sole job is to take our soul when our time is done [Quran, 32:11], but it is possible that if you are good to your relatives for example, your lifespan will be increased [based on a hadith]. And in the Quran, Allah SWT says:
يَمْحُو اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَيُثْبِتُ ۖ وَعِندَهُ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ
"Allah blots out (erases) what He wills and confirms (what He wills). And with Him is the Mother of the Book (al-Lawh al-Mahfuz [اللوح المحفوظ])" [Quran, 13:39].
[Transcribed by Br. Safwan Khan & Faizan]
safwan-khan@hotmail.com
[Re-revised by Br. Syed Haq & MAR, July 2023]
safwan-khan@hotmail.com
[Re-revised by Br. Syed Haq & MAR, July 2023]
